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Court Process14 min read

Going to court without a solicitor (litigant in person)

If you cannot afford a solicitor and do not qualify for legal aid, you can represent yourself. You are called a litigant in person (LiP). Courts make reasonable adjustments to help you, but the same substantive rules apply.

Your rights in the courtroom

You have the right to be heard, to question witnesses, and to present your evidence. You may bring a McKenzie Friend — a lay adviser who can sit with you, take notes, and quietly advise you — though they cannot speak on your behalf without the court’s permission.

Addressing the judge

In the Family Court, circuit judges are addressed as “Your Honour” and district judges as “Sir” or “Ma’am” (or “Judge” if you’re unsure). Rise when the judge enters and leaves. Do not interrupt the other party while they are speaking.

Managing your documents

Organise your documents in chronological order. Bring at least 3 copies to every hearing: one for yourself, one for the other party, and one for the judge. Label each document with the date and a brief description.

Court staff and support

Court staff cannot give legal advice but can explain the procedure. The Personal Support Unit (PSU) provides free, independent support at many family courts. Check in advance whether your court has a PSU.

Need more help?

Percy, our AI assistant, can answer follow-up questions on this topic in plain English. You can also find local support services through our Find Help directory.

This guide provides legal information only and does not constitute legal advice. Laws and procedures may change. Always verify current requirements with HMCTS or a qualified solicitor.